|
|
|
| Construction of Information Problem Space to Foster Users' Information Need Expression |
| Zhang Xiaoyue, Liu Chang |
| Department of Information Management, Peking University, Beijing 100871 |
|
|
|
|
Abstract Information seeking can be considered as a problem-solving activity. Understanding the construction of the users’ information problem space during information seeking is of great significance. Analyzing the complex, fuzzy, and dynamic changing states of users’ information needs from the perspective of a cognitive mechanism is beneficial for users to better solve information problems. Moreover, these solutions help in optimizing information systems and services. After systematically reviewing studies on information problem-solving theory and information need expression, the concept of an “information problem space” is proposed. This type of approach represents the topically faceted internal structure in a “purpose and means” manner. Then, based on the results of a simulated search experiment, the group user information problem space is illustrated. Suggestions for optimizing information systems are discussed. The results show that the proposed information problem space can represent the dynamic cognitive process of users’ information search process. Future research should focus on representing the user information problem space (including visualization approaches) and the interactive support function of search systems for users to construct information problem spaces.
|
|
Received: 04 July 2022
|
|
|
|
1 Case D O, Given L M. Looking for information: a survey of research on information seeking, needs, and behavior[M]. 4th ed. Bingley: Emerald, 2016: 80-84.
2 Wilson T D. Models in information behaviour research[J]. Journal of Documentation, 1999, 55(3): 249-270.
3 Taylor R S. The process of asking questions[J]. American Documentation, 1962, 13(4): 391-396.
4 Belkin N J, Oddy R N, Brooks H M. Ask for information retrieval: part I. background and theory[J]. Journal of Documentation, 1982, 38(2): 61-71.
5 Russell D M, Stefik M J, Pirolli P, et al. The cost structure of sensemaking[C]// Proceedings of the INTERACT ’93 and CHI ’93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York: ACM Press, 1993: 269-276.
6 Dervin B, Naumer C M. Sense-making[M]// Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: Taylor and Francis, 2010: 4696-4707.
7 Zhang P Y, Soergel D. Towards a comprehensive model of the cognitive process and mechanisms of individual sensemaking[J]. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 2014, 65(9): 1733-1756.
8 Bates M J. The design of browsing and berrypicking techniques for the online search interface[J]. Online Review, 1989, 13(5): 407-424.
9 吴红耘. 修订的布卢姆目标分类与加涅和安德森学习结果分类的比较[J]. 心理科学, 2009, 32(4): 994-996.
10 Anderson J R. ACT: a simple theory of complex cognition[J]. American Psychologist, 1996, 51(4): 355-365.
11 Association of College & Research Libraries. Framework for information literacy for higher education[EB/OL]. [2022-02-03]. https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework#explorati-on.
12 中国互联网络信息中心. 第49次中国互联网络发展状况统计报告[R/OL]. (2022-02-25) [2022-05-10]. https://www.cnnic.net.cn/NMediaFile/old_attach/P020220721404263787858.pdf.
13 中共中央网络安全和信息化委员会办公室, 中华人民共和国国家互联网信息办公室. 提升全民数字素养与技能行动纲要[EB/OL]. (2021-11-05) [2022-02-08]. http://www.cac.gov.cn/2021-11/05/c_1637708867754305.htm.
14 蔡笑岳, 于龙. 问题解决心理学的研究模式及研究取向的演变[J]. 华南师范大学学报(社会科学版), 2008(6): 103-109, 159-160.
15 高华. 认知主义与联结主义之比较[J]. 心理学探新, 2004, 24(3): 3-5, 9.
16 皮连生. 教育心理学[M]. 4版. 上海: 上海教育出版社, 2011.
17 Wilson T D. On user studies and information needs[J]. Journal of Documentation, 1981, 37(1): 3-15.
18 Borlund P, Ingwersen P. The development of a method for the evaluation of interactive information retrieval systems[J]. Journal of Documentation, 1997, 53(3): 225-250.
19 Marchionini G. Information seeking in electronic environments[M]. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
20 Robins D. Shifts of focus on various aspects of user information problems during interactive information retrieval[J]. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 2000, 51(10): 913-928.
21 Li Y L, Belkin N J. A faceted approach to conceptualizing tasks in information seeking[J]. Information Processing & Management, 2008, 44(6): 1822-1837.
22 Brand-Gruwel S, Wopereis I, Vermetten Y. Information problem solving by experts and novices: analysis of a complex cognitive skill[J]. Computers in Human Behavior, 2005, 21(3): 487-508.
23 孙向东, 种乐熹, 胡德华. Big6模型及其应用研究[J]. 图书馆学研究, 2014(10): 25-32, 40.
24 Big6 skills overview: the Big6[EB/OL]. [2022-01-28]. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/59a303936a49631dd51f9a7d/t/5b9 2bf5e03ce644e10c18005/1536343902416/Big6+Skills+Overview.pdf.
25 Eisenberg M B, Berkowitz R E. Information problem-solving: the Big Six skills approach[J]. School Library Media Activities Monthly, 1992, 8(5): 27-29, 37, 42.
26 Moore P. Information problem solving: a wider view of library skills[J]. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 1995, 20(1): 1-31.
27 Vakkari P. Task complexity, problem structure and information actions: integrating studies on information seeking and retrieval[J]. Information Processing & Management, 1999, 35(6): 819-837.
28 MacMullin S E, Taylor R S. Problem dimensions and information traits[J]. The Information Society, 1984, 3(1): 91-111.
29 Lin S J, Belkin N. Validation of a model of information seeking over multiple search sessions[J]. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 2005, 56(4): 393-415.
30 Bystr?m K, J?rvelin K. Task complexity affects information seeking and use[J]. Information Processing & Management, 1995, 31(2): 191-213.
31 Liu J J, Gwizdka J, Liu C, et al. Predicting task difficulty for different task types[J]. Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 2010, 47(1): 1-10.
32 Simon H A. The structure of ill structured problems[J]. Artificial Intelligence, 1973, 4(3/4): 181-201.
33 赫伯特·西蒙. 认知: 人行为背后的思维与智能[M]. 荆其诚，张厚粲, 译. 北京: 中国人民大学出版社, 2020.
34 Florance V, Marchionini G. Information processing in the context of medical care[C]// Proceedings of the 18th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. New York: ACM Press, 1995: 158-163.
35 Marchionini G. Interfaces for end-user information seeking[J]. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 1992, 43(2): 156-163.
36 Schacter J, Chung G K W K, Dorr A. Children’s Internet searching on complex problems: performance and process analyses[J]. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 1998, 49(9): 840-849.
37 Chin J, Fu W T, Kannampallil T. Adaptive information search: age-dependent interactions between cognitive profiles and strategies[C]// Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York: ACM Press, 2009: 1683-1692.
38 Marchionini G. Information-seeking strategies of novices using a full-text electronic encyclopedia[J]. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 1989, 40(1): 54-66.
39 Kim J. Describing and predicting information‐seeking behavior on the Web[J]. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 2009, 60(4): 679-693.
40 Spink A, Greisdorf H, Bateman J. From highly relevant to not relevant: examining different regions of relevance[J]. Information Processing & Management, 1998, 34(5): 599-621.
41 Kim J Y, Lim K Y. Promoting learning in online, ill-structured problem solving: the effects of scaffolding type and metacognition level[J]. Computers & Education, 2019, 138: 116-129.
42 Whitelock-Wainwright A, Laan N, Wen D W, et al. Exploring student information problem solving behaviour using fine-grained concept map and search tool data[J]. Computers & Education, 2020, 145: 103731.
43 黄崑, 陈佳琦, 乔佳荣, 等. 面向任务终止的认知停止规则应用及影响因素[J]. 图书情报知识, 2020(4): 32-42, 86.
44 Foster A. A nonlinear model of information-seeking behavior[J]. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 2004, 55(3): 228-237.
45 Spink A, Ozmutlu H C, Ozmutlu S. Multitasking information seeking and searching processes[J]. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 2002, 53(8): 639-652.
46 王知津, 韩正彪, 周鹏. 非线性信息搜寻行为研究[J]. 图书馆论坛, 2011, 31(6): 225-231, 281.
47 甘利人, 李恒. 科技用户信息搜寻过程中的问题解决机制解释[J]. 情报学报, 2006, 25(4): 441-450.
48 Kuhlthau C C. A principle of uncertainty for information seeking[J]. Journal of Documentation, 1993, 49(4): 339-355.
49 Vakkari P. A theory of the task-based information retrieval process: a summary and generalisation of a longitudinal study[J]. Journal of Documentation, 2001, 57(1): 44-60.
50 Cole M, Liu J, Belkin N J, et al. Usefulness as the criterion for evaluation of interactive information retrieval[C]// Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Human-Computer Interaction and Information Retrieval. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America, 2009: 1-4.
51 Hung P W, Johnson S B, Kaufman D R, et al. A multi-level model of information seeking in the clinical domain[J]. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 2008, 41(2): 357-370.
52 袁红. 探索式搜寻意图对搜寻策略选择的影响机制研究[J]. 图书情报工作, 2022, 66(3): 93-105.
53 Palani S, Ding Z J, MacNeil S, et al. The “Active Search” hypothesis: how search strategies relate to creative learning[C]// Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval. New York: ACM Press, 2021: 325-329.
54 宋筱璇, 刘畅. 学习型搜索中用户信息源选择和使用策略研究[J]. 情报学报, 2019, 38(6): 655-666.
55 O’Brien H, Cole A, Kampen A, et al. The effects of domain and search expertise on learning outcomes in digital library use[C]// Proceedings of the ACM SIGIR Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval. New York: ACM Press, 2022: 202-210.
56 Saito H, Miwa K. Educational effects of reflection on problem solving processes: a case of information seeking on the Web[J]. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2004, 26: 1191-1196.
57 van Merri?nboer J J G. Perspectives on problem solving and instruction[J]. Computers & Education, 2013, 64: 153-160.
58 Frerejean J, Velthorst G J, van Strien J L H, et al. Embedded instruction to learn information problem solving: effects of a whole task approach[J]. Computers in Human Behavior, 2019, 90: 117-130.
59 Laxman K. A conceptual framework mapping the application of information search strategies to well and ill-structured problem solving[J]. Computers & Education, 2010, 55(2): 513-526.
60 Argelagós E, Garcia C, Privado J, et al. Fostering information problem solving skills through online task-centred instruction in higher education[J]. Computers & Education, 2022, 180: 104433.
61 Brand-Gruwel S, Wopereis I, Walraven A. A descriptive model of information problem solving while using Internet[J]. Computers & Education, 2009, 53(4): 1207-1217.
62 辛自强. 问题解决研究的一个世纪: 回顾与前瞻[J]. 首都师范大学学报(社会科学版), 2004(6): 101-107.
63 RobertsonS I. 问题解决心理学[M]. 张奇, 等译. 北京: 中国轻工业出版社, 2004.
64 杨治良, 郝兴昌. 心理学辞典[M]. 上海: 上海辞书出版社, 2016.
65 Anderson J R. Cognitive psychology and its implications[M]. New York: W H Freeman and Company, 1980: 257.
66 Ohlsson S. The problems with problem solving: reflections on the rise, current status, and possible future of a cognitive research paradigm[J]. The Journal of Problem Solving, 2012, 5(1): Article 7.
67 Newell A, Simon H A. Human problem solving[M]. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1972: 52.
68 Taylor R S. Question-negotiation and information seeking in libraries[J]. College and Research Libraries, 1968, 29: 178-194.
69 Chen C M, Chen Y, Horowitz M, et al. Towards an explanatory and computational theory of scientific discovery[J]. Journal of Informetrics, 2009, 3(3): 191-209.
70 Novak J D, Gowin D B. Learning how to learn[M]. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
71 王菲妍, 柯青, 韩正彪. 任务驱动下的学术数据库新手心智模型演进及学习模式研究[J]. 图书情报知识, 2021(1): 113-124.
72 徐洪林, 康长运, 刘恩山. 概念图的研究及其进展[J]. 学科教育, 2003(3): 39-43.
73 Laxman K. A conceptual framework mapping the application of information search strategies to well and ill-structured problem solving[J]. Computers & Education, 2010, 55(2): 513-526.
74 薛翔, 赵宇翔. 音乐平台中音乐分类体系的用户心智模型研究——以高校学生群体为例[J]. 数据分析与知识发现, 2019, 3(2): 1-12.
75 Sarrafzadeh B, Lank E. Improving exploratory search experience through hierarchical knowledge graphs[C]// Proceedings of the 40th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. New York: ACM Press, 2017: 145-154.
76 Klahr D, Simon H. Studies of scientific discovery: complementary approaches and convergent findings[J]. Psychological Bulletin, 1999, 125: 524-543.
77 Bates M J. Information search tactics[J]. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 1979, 30(4): 205-214.
78 Russell D. Answer: gomphotheres… in Panama?[EB/OL]. (2020-07-15) [2021-10-26]. https://fia.umd.edu/answer-gomphotheres-in-panama/.
79 宋筱璇, 刘畅, 陈建龙. 搜索即学习主题的相关研究综述[J]. 图书情报工作, 2021, 65(10): 113-126.
80 Rieh S Y, Collins-Thompson K, Hansen P, et al. Towards searching as a learning process: a review of current perspectives and future directions[J]. Journal of Information Science, 2016, 42: 19-34.
81 Hembrooke H A, Granka L A, Gay G K, et al. The effects of expertise and feedback on search term selection and subsequent learning[J]. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 2005, 56(8): 861-871.
82 Swanson D R. Undiscovered public knowledge[J]. The Library Quarterly, 1986, 56(2): 103-118.
83 Swanson D R. Migraine and magnesium: eleven neglected connections[J]. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 1988, 31(4): 526-557.
84 Camara A, Roy N, Maxwell D, et al. Searching to learn with instructional scaffolding[C]// Proceedings of the ACM SIGIR Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval. New York: ACM Press, 2021: 209-218.
85 Kim J. Modeling task-based information seeking on the Web: application of information seeking strategy schema[J]. Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 2007, 44(1): 1-13.
86 Beheshti J, Cole C, Abuhimed D, et al. Tracking middle school students' information behavior via Kuhlthau’s ISP Model: Temporality[J]. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 2015, 66(5): 943-960.
87 Urgo K, Arguello J. Understanding the “pathway” towards a searcher’s learning objective[J]. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 2022, 40(4): 1-43.
88 Sarkar S, Mitsui M, Liu J Q, et al. Implicit information need as explicit problems, help, and behavioral signals[J]. Information Processing & Management, 2020, 57(2): 102069.
89 Liu C, Song X X, Hansen P. Characterising users’ task completion process in learning-related tasks: a search space model[J/OL]. Journal of Information Science, (2021-12-15). https://doi.org/10.1177/01655515211060527. |
|
|
|
